savannah river pollution

The majority of the river's flow through the Piedmont region is dominated by large reservoirs. Yet DOE funding to the State of Georgia for environmental monitoring related to SRS is set to expire April 30, 2004. Documents filed in that suit provided Hightower with his first thorough accounts of how racism played out for some blue-collar black workers. However, the health of these systems is threatened by human . It is currently listed as having the 3rd highest toxic load in Georgia and the 8th highest toxic load in the United States. One case involved a black worker sent into a high-radiation area without proper protection. Andersons cancer came back two more times. The Savannah River falls just behind the Ohio-Pigeon River on the list. Rows of these cylinders, stacked three high, fill reinforced-steel concrete bunkers with walls 7-feet thick. Philip Prater, senior physical scientist with the DOE-Savannah River Operations Office, noted workers safely completed the iron injections ahead of schedule. Recovery of wastes is essential to eliminate this environmental injustice. Then, on Nov. 22, 1955, the sky over the Soviet test site at Semipalatinsk, in what is now Kazakhstan, ignited with a power 100 times that of the first Soviet atomic bomb. The DOE should stop grouting residual radioactivity in high-level waste tanks so as not to leave vast amounts of radioactivity near the Savannah River. One landed in the Mediterranean and three hit land near the tomato farming village of Palomares. The Atomic Energy Commission planned to seize about 200,000 acres in Aiken, Barnwell and Allendale counties. It would make the two key radioactive ingredients necessary to build such a devastating weapon tritium and plutonium. "And they worked great, but it grieved me that we were no longer capable of building that kind of equipment in this country.". [7], Another theory is that the name was derived from the English term "savanna", a kind of tropical grassland, which was borrowed by the English from Spanish sabana and used in the colonial southeast. [citation needed], The Westo used the river for fishing and water supplies, for transportation, and for trade. Its high school football season in Georgia, and GPB Sports has it covered with plans for live digital and broadcast coverage throughout the season. The two skilled welders had been among the actors in the 1939 classic film"The Wizard of Oz" who played the part of Munchkins. Vultures circling overhead attest to its deadly contents. Until the Three Mile Island meltdown, Willar Hightower had not thought much about the risk posed by radiation or a nuclear reactor catastrophe. Plant officials say the material loses virtually all of its radioactive punch before it can leach into groundwater and spread very far from the trenches. They wouldnt tell anyone what they were doing. The cleanup took three months, exposing 900 workers to high levels of radiation. GPB Sports Gets Into the Game with Football Fridays in Georgia. The program is administered by the S.C. Dept. The Drinking Water Crisis That North Carolina Ignored. They were strong enough to hold off the Spanish colonists making incursions from Florida. Numerous oxbow lakes mark the locations of old river channels, which have shifted course because of earthquakes and silting. Savannah Spill Response Corporation is a 501 (c) non-profit cooperative that provides our members with the training and resources required to meet OPA 90 requirements. After Joseph and his wife started a family, their son was asked at a party how his father earned a living. That danger was demonstrated on Jan. 17, 1966. That same year, Joseph and his wife went to see a popular new movie that dealt, in a way, with what he worked on at the plant. A week later, President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of the island and drew a line in the sand: The United States would not tolerate Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. More extensive monitoring of Iodine-129 in Savannah River water and fish should be conducted. To accomplish this task, Joseph took charge of a group of engineers to restart the plants L Reactor, which had been on stand-by for a decade. to reduce pollution, and monitor and protect water quality. Walt Joseph and his fellow bomb plant engineers and scientists credit that collapse to the technology America created that the Soviets went broke trying, and failing, to match. The U.S. then shipped 1,500 tons of tainted soil back to the states for disposal. America no longer owned an atomic monopoly, a stunning turnabout that President Harry Truman revealed to the nation less than a month after the Soviet bomb test. A new report by a Georgia-based environmental group says the Savannah River is the third-most polluted river in the country. ki (literally, "southerners"). The reactor dome held and a catastrophe was averted. . Dr. Strangelove was all too real for Joseph, who worked to design ever more effective ways to manufacture the explosive power of thermonuclear weapons. of Health and Environmental Control, and covers a total of 63 locations where industrial wastewater or stormwater . Magazines and construction companies advertised plans and kits for building fallout shelters. Still, these workers would not get compensation until the 20th century became the 21st and Congress approved a compensation programthat provides for payments of up to $400,000 for illness or death related to the radiation, chemicals and other hazardous material at the weapons plants. Conference: Pollution prevention at the Savannah River SitePollution prevention at the Savannah River Site Water temperature data at 02176930 CHATTOOGA RIVER AT BURRELLS FORD, NR PINE MTN, GA will soon be discontinued unless funding can be secured. It shut down the same year the Cold War ended and was converted to store a large part of the deadly remains of Americas nuclear arsenal. The National Academy of Sciences panel on the effects of low-level radiation (called the BEIR VII panel) should fully address the non-cancer risks of tritium, and the risks of tritium to pregnant women and developing fetuses. The two large cities on the Savannah served as Georgia's first two state capitals. The New River, in the northeast corner of the region, is thought to be one of the oldest in the world. The locomotive-sized machines essentially act as car motor radiators to help control the massive heat produced in reactors. The Savannah Riverkeeper says their ultimate goal is to have both groups testing work together to put out unified information that doesnt confuse residents. key = "GQZlHOcv4aM8W@-bhKfLpSxRgJUjr.3N2Vdw9zqEAePsDu105Yi_kXIyomt7FnTCB6" The movie underscored what Americans increasingly understood: That mutually assured destruction, the strategy shared by the U.S. and the Soviets, was exactly what its acronym said, "MAD." Computers werent introduced to the plant until the early 1960s. In 1965, technicians at C Reactor ignored a warning alarm for 15 minutes before workers noticed that 2,000 gallons of cooling water had poured onto the floor. Another prominent feature are the numerous large bluffs that line the river in some locations. Houses in the foreground were abandoned by Chernobyl plant workers a few days after the explosion. Most notable of these is Yamacraw Bluff, the location selected to build the city of Savannah. That was a rare combination in 1967 when he was hired to program plant computers. By Michael Pronzato mpronzato@postandcourier.com. Outrage over the previously cloaked failings, along with other concerns, ledCongress to establish an independent board in 1988to oversee safety, health and environmental matters at the nuclear facilities and to keep the public informed. He also read accounts of black employees who were reportedly forced to take off their personal radiation monitors when they were sent into radioactive situations so it would not show up on official records. } if (key.indexOf(coded.charAt(i))==-1) { The mission for Joseph and his fellow engineers and scientists was to keep the nations nuclear arsenal the most advanced in the world, a goal that became more urgent later that year as Communist China exploded an A-bomb and joined the nuclear club. She suppressed her concerns about radiation exposure and returned to work. The next stage, DEFCON 1, signaled Imminent nuclear war.. That data showed that industrial facilities dumped more than 7 million pounds of toxins into the Savannah River in 2007. Increasingly, the cloak of secrecy that had shrouded the nuclear weapons industry for four decades lifted. When Carolinians desired to expand their trade to Charleston, they viewed the Westo tribe as an obstacle. The title belongs not to Exxon but to our own federal government This story was compiled from dozens of interviews with some of those forced to give up their homes in the early 1959s when the Savannah River Site was built, present and former workers at the bomb plant, scientists, environmentalists, lawyers and government officials. In 1956 Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines detected neutrinos with an experiment carried out at the Savannah River Nuclear Plant, after a preliminary experiment at the Hanford Site. The other incident involved the release of large amounts of radiation in a room at the K Reactor while technicians ignored a radiation alarm for two hours. A report released today by Environment Georgia says the Savannah River is the most polluted river in the state and among the most polluted in the country. The routine maneuver went horribly wrongas the B-52 slammed into the tankers fuel umbilical, ripping off the bombers left wing. In 1991, the nuclear facility at the Savannah River Site accidentally released tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, into the Savannah River. Nevertheless, for many of those workers, threading the bureaucratic quagmire to show a relationship between radiation exposure and an illness or death remains a nightmare given the secrecy that prevailed. Tritium standards: Tritiated water is far more dangerous to children and developing fetuses than to adults. GPB Education and the Georgia Council on Economic Education Launch Lights, Camera, Budget! SAVANNAH, GA (WTOC) - Recent data from The Savannah Riverkeeper shows 72 percent of the Savannah river is likely contaminated. "Everything flows into the Savannah River, so it's a project to help keep the storm drains clean so that the water. The wall is as long as three basketball courts and, on average, about four inches thick, extending 135 feet below the earths surface at its deepest point. Both states are putting out water quality reports along the Savannah River, but the information is actually contradicting one another. Following this, the English colonists renamed the river as the Savannah; it was integral to early development. The C Reactor is one of the five nuclear reactors at the Savannah River Site, all of which no longer function as reactors. Water pollution occurs when harmful substancesoften chemicals or microorganismscontaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and . Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph. The neutrinos were not themselves observed, and they never have been. No injuries or pollution were reported. As the '50s progressed, the reality of all-out nuclear war began to sink in for the American public. Bush, now 88 and owner of an auto repair shop in New Ellenton, recalls the forced move as feeling "like one of the awfulousthings to me, but my opinion, as far as economically, it was one of the best things that could happen.". File/AP, A chimney over the destroyed reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (background left) and a gigantic steel-arch under construction to cover the remnants of the exploded reactor in the town of Prypyat close to Chernobyl, Ukraine. They pointed to automated systems that could shut down reactors when necessary and an advanced training simulator that helped technicians prepare for the worst. The Savannah, a sailing ship outfitted with a 90-horsepower steam engine, traveled mainly under sail across the Atlantic, using steam power for 80 hours of the nearly month-long passage to . Community Preparedness. Check out this 12.4-mile out-and-back trail near Rincon, Georgia. More than 38,000 pounds of those chemicals are known to cause cancer. U.S. Geological Survey. Excess Materials and Radioactive Waste Management, High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) Interpretation, Annual Priorities, Strategic Vision, and Program Plan, Savannah River Site Fights Contamination With Massive Underground Wall. But Anderson recalls an incident in 2000 when a man in her office building went to get some food at the canteen. He replied that his dad was a barber. The Soviets ordered Warsaw Pact militaries to war status and the U.S. military moved to DEFCON 2, the highest state of nuclear war readiness ever reached. By 1987, Congress realized that the Savannah bomb plant and other parts of the nations far-flung nuclear weapons industry were dangerous places leaking, radioactive dumps. Untold others have since died from or contracted radiation-caused disease. The Savanna River Basin is 10,577 square miles: 5,821 square miles in eastern Georgia, 4,581 square miles in western South Carolina and 175 square miles in southwestern North Carolina. They rented a house in nearby Aiken, no easy task as thousands of people converged on the small, horse-country resort town to work at the plant. Intelligence experts concluded the filters had detected the radioactive signature of an atomic bomb blast. As happened after Three Mile Island, the bomb plant ran a number of studies to show how its superior training, equipment and procedures would head off a disaster like the one that occurred at Chernobyl. About 1,500 families would have little more than a year to leave their farms, homes and shops. Further, they ensured excess iron was distributed where groundwater contaminant levels were the highest, which provided improved remedial effectiveness.. The Raw Water Pumping Station, located off Riverwatch Parkway, utilizes the water from the Augusta Canal to hydro-mechanically power the pumps which pump the water from the Savannah River to the Highland Avenue filter plant. Dorothy Dandridge found the days preceding the announcement exciting, yet mysterious and unsettling. Environment Georgia spokesperson Emily Thomas says those levels are legal, but her group believes they're too high. And bomb plant engineer Joseph remained certain the technological lead Americas scientists and engineers had built made the Soviets afraid to launch a nuclear attack. In the 1970s, Hollywood continued to reflect America's evolving emotions toward nuclear power. The Savannah River is one of the major river systems of the southeast and is a vital natural resource for the area. A report released today by Environment Georgia says the Savannah River is the most polluted river in the state and among the most polluted in the country. A well is flushed with water, shown here, before workers add the iron filings to it. Savannah River Is located at the borders of South Carolina and Georgia. link="" Tags: Augusta, environment, Savannah River, Environmental Protection Agency, water pollution, Environment Georgia, industrial pollution, DSM Chemicals, Toxics Release Inventory, Emily Thomas. The half-life of the plutonium-239 in the K Reactor containment cylinders is 24,000years four times longer than civilization has been around. The reactors also were aligned along a long, sharply curved horseshoe shape to prevent a straight-line bomber run. Ten river basins drain about 11,459 square miles in Western North Carolina. Plant engineer Joseph watched as residents in Aiken and Augusta, the two largest cities near the plant, took similar steps to protect their families. The cooler weather greatly improved the volume of iron injected each day, Prater said. Most people in Ellenton and a handful of smaller, nearby farm towns huddled around radios as clocks struck noon to hear what all expected to be a major announcement. The 55-gallon steel drums of radioactive dirt were buried at the Savannah River Plantin 20-foot-deep unlined trenches. The congressional hearings revealed that safety took a back seat to production. Few understood that their cotton fields and pastures soon would yield the worlds deadliest crop. He and Paula figured theyd stay a couple of years, recover financially and return to Penn State to finish his doctorate. The same might be said about pollution in the Savannah River. An even bigger issue has been how both Georgia and South Carolina show their data on the river. After graduation, he was hired by River Street Pottery in Savannah, GA, to manage the studio and teaching facility. Visit Vern's for signs of a promising future. Joseph and the other engineers, scientists and technicians were thrown into the nuclear fray, learning as they went to refine the ingredients for the worlds deadliest weapon. Savannah River Mill serves as Effingham County's largest private employer with over 900 employees, about 40% of which are local residents. Secrecy was absolute. 17 near Leroy Coffer Hwy. Recent research indicates that current tritium safe drinking water standards may be inadequate to protect pregnant women and developing fetuses. That unleashed theworlds worst nuclear reactor accident. Dandridge sat in her Aunt Annie Bells 1946 Chevrolet when the announcement came over the cars radio. Read moreAlex Murdaugh's prosecutors push back on 2-shooter theory in final day of testimony, The Post and Courier Joseph understood the radiation danger, but he worked in the relative security of the lab, focused on winning the scientific battlefield to prevent World War III. Atlanta, GA 30318 The couple suspected the culprit was radiation, but plant officials continued to insist all was safe, especially for employees who worked in operations away from the reactors and radioactive materials. Workers mixed more than a million pounds of iron filings with a food-grade, starch-like material, shown here. Dorothy Dandridge was one of those people. On the other side, the most recent data from South Carolina shows that more than 70 percent of the water basin is contaminated, and there could be an entire slew of reasons why: mercury, lead, pollution, run-off. She hated working cotton fields and to this day avoids, when possible, cotton clothing. The C Reactor is similar to the K Reactor, where some 13 tons of deadly radioactive plutonium is in so called temporary storage at the plant. The report found DSM Chemicals North America Inc. in Augusta was the biggest polluter in the state, and that it dumped more than 4 million pounds of the toxic pollution into the middle Savannah River. Raw water for this plant is withdrawn from the Savannah River. SEATTLE (AP) A company that operates a century-old hydroelectric dam near Mount Rainier National Park and its chief operating officer each pleaded guilty to a single criminal count Monday in . HARDEEVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA Five alligators slid from a muddy bank into the lower Savannah River, disappearing beneath the black water that flows through the Georgia-Carolina . [17], The Savannah River has the fourth-highest toxic discharge in the country, according to a 2009 report by Environment America.[18]. Dejectedly, Joseph and his team turned to Japan to make those parts. It only pushes them forward. Recent data shows over 70% of Savannah River is likely contaminated, Tattnall Co. man arrested for death of his stepfather. The nations nuclear weapons complex, however, continued to operate in its usual cloak of war secrecy. Technicians caused the near catastrophe when they ignored procedures and pulled safety and control rods to restart the reactor after it shut itself off automatically. AIKEN, S.C. EM workers recently finished constructing a large underground, water-permeable wall made of recycled iron filings that neutralize Cold War-era chemical solvents found in the aquifer beneath the Savannah River Site. Others built elaborate, multi-room underground homes to ride out a nuclear blast. Point Source and Non-Point Source Pollution is regulated by the CWA. Charleston, SC 29403, News tips/online questions: newstips@postandcourier.com, Delivery/subscription questions: subserve@postandcourier.com, var html = new Date().getFullYear(); They didnt want to risk the costly loss of time to shut down reactors, conduct safety checks and restart. Four others parachuted to safety. What is certain is that Anderson, Josephine Hightower and thousands of sick, dying and dead workers from the Savannah bomb plant and the nations other nuclear weapons facilities manned the front lines in Americas fight to win the Cold War and they are among its only casualties. The need for speed created an atmosphere ripe for unanticipated consequences. The company had a reputation for strict safety. [citation needed]. Many at the bomb plant in those early days, especially the blue-collar workers, didnt see radiation as a real danger. Across the nation, homeowners converted portions of basements into bomb shelters or dug backyard fortifications like those used for tornadoes. It also would leave a swath of South Carolina larger than New York City among the most contaminated places on Earth, a storehouse of the deadliest radioactive materials known, enough to obliterate humanity. Savannah . Plant officials acknowledged that technicians occasionally ignored warning alarms and instruments because of numerous false alarms. The EPA uses the CWA to enforce water quality regulations. The vessel is now safely moored, according to the Coast Guard. The environmental cleanup system is designed to work for decades with routine monitoring and has proven effective elsewhere in the U.S. Precision placement at greater depths enabled us to intercept the contaminated groundwater in a narrow zone as it travels along an old, subsurface stream bed channel, said Seth Miller, an SRNS project manager. They shoveled plutonium-contaminated dirt into metal containers. This is a popular trail for birding, fishing, and paddle sports, but you can still enjoy some solitude during quieter times of day. Moms Demand Action visit Georgia capitol to rally for stricter gun laws, Georgia Southern University recognized for diversity in higher education, Statesboro mayor holds annual State of the City address. They placed a 10-ton tank of water next to a powerful nuclear reactor engaged in making plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. How much pollution is in the Savannah River? In 1995 Reines was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this accomplishment, but Cowen did not live long enough to share it. Hed duck and cover.. Just keeping it contained has cost billions of dollars, stands to cost untold billions more and has no end in sight. Industrial expansion and land development increase the risk of further pollution. Hours at work were long. On that January morning, the bomber approached Spain and a 31,000-foot-high rendezvous with a mid-air refueling tanker. They founded two major cities on the river during the colonial era: Savannah was established in 1733 as a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean, and Augusta is located where the river crosses the Fall Line of the Piedmont, at the headwaters of the navigable portion of the river downstream to the ocean. The child got that impression because the only business he had ever seen his father leave after work was a barbershop after an occasional haircut. The river supports a large variety of native and introduced aquatic species: Additionally, the river is one of only four left in the southeast with significant populations of Hymenocallis coronaria, the shoals spider-lily. The world stood still as Soviet ships continued to steam toward the American blockade with Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev locked in a game of nuclear chicken. SSRC's 14 Member facilities work together to protect our environment and meet regulatory requirements on or near the Savannah River. The K Reactor was the last one working at the bomb plant. An accident caused a radiation leak at the plant in March 1979. Comprised of multi-channel video and sound . Americas schoolchildren drilled to the warnings of Bert: You must be ready all the time for the atomic bomb duck and cover. Teachers taught students that when air raid sirens blared they could survive nuclear attack by simply crawling under their desks with hands wrapped behind their heads. In 2001 a group of citizens gathered to focus efforts on protecting the Vernon River from urban pollution. Your support makes this possible. The soil was taken to the U.S., to the Atomic Energy Commissions burial ground near Aiken for disposal. Most of the residents left consoling themselves that they had done their patriotic duty to defend the country from the communist menace. Office of Environmental Management Savannah River Site Fights Contamination With Massive Underground Wall Injecting material containing iron filings into wells at the Savannah River Site is a multi-step process. @article{osti_682196, title = {The pollution prevention program at the Savannah River Site}, author = {Brookshire, J R}, abstractNote = {The Pollution Prevention Program at SRS is broken down into seven implementation elements: Solid Waste Minimization, Toxic Chemicals Reduction, Energy Conservation, Environmental Emissions Reduction, Affirmative Procurement, Recycle and Reuse, and Remediation . Nevertheless, imminent danger from the superpowers growing arsenals and their nuclear brinkmanship remained. Tanya Strickland, North Augusta's Stormwater Superintendent, says that pollution comes directly from waste and debris. The health implications of I-129 contamination of the Savannah River should be studied, including its effect on pregnant women, and communicated to the public. Some data for the savannah River was provided by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The two physicists conceived a way to unlock the vastly greater explosive power released through fusion of atomic nuclei instead of the atom-splitting employed in the atomic bombs. The Savannah River flows through a variety of climates and ecosystems during its course. Its not ancient or Mayan, but it is a tomb. The river becomes a large estuary at the coast, where fresh- and saltwater mix. With hundreds of sources of environmental pollution, the Savannah River is impaired by heavy metals, sediment, and low levels of dissolved oxygen. The report used data from the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory to analyze levels of dangerous chemicals found in Georgia's waterways. "It seemed like you couldn't move up in a job. 5 million pounds Clarence Bush worked a couple miles from old Ellenton at Leigh Banana Case Company in the days before the bomb plant. Injecting material containing iron filings into wells at the Savannah River Site is a multi-step process. Michael Pronzato/Staff, The last residents left the Savannah River Plant area by early 1952. Most women worked daytime jobs at the time, so at night men commandeered the womens bathrooms because they were often the only places with couches. Pollution of the Savannah River: The Savannah River is contaminated as a result of highly contaminated surface water flowing into it from SRS, though the large flow of the river dilutes the contamination to well within present safe drinking water limits.Tritium, which is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, is the most common radioactive pollutant. In 1964, engineer Walt Joseph neared his 10th anniversary at the Savannah River bomb plant helping to perfect the nations nuclear weapons. Sign up to receive GPB Event announcements via Email. Join us on Thursday, March 2 at the Sotille Theatre for a community-centered discussion regarding the Union Pier development. Few black employees held professional positions when Hightower was recruited out of the Army, where he served as a lieutenant. ltr = coded.charAt(i) It offered a respite and a hefty paycheck to boot, so he and his wife, Paula, drove down over Christmas 1954 to check it out. The Savannah River and her tributaries received over 5 million pounds of toxic pollution making it the third worst in the country."Georgia's rivers should be clean - for swimming, drinking, and supporting wildlife," said Jennette Gayer, Director of Environment Georgia Research & Policy Center. The Savannah River Site (SRS), a nuclear weapons facility, began operation on a 310-square-mile tract of land along the river in Aiken, Barnwell, and Allendale Counties in 1952. The goals of the DWQ's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) stormwater dischargepermitting regulations and State stormwater programsare to prevent pollution from entering the waters of the state through the use of stormwater runoff controls. The Carolina Colony needed the Westo alliance during its early years. 1979, 13, 5, 588-594 Publication Date: May 1, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1021/es60153a012 RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS Article Views 309 Altmetric - Citations 96 LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS The handyman started in the labor pool and rose to a supervisory position in the transportation department, eventually making $1 an hour, pretty good pay for a black worker then. The reactors, steel-reinforced concrete monsters, reached 200 feet in height and 40 feet below ground. When reflecting on the findings from the note cards, I observed that most of the particles came from non-natural products. 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Large estuary at the borders of South Carolina show their data on the findings from the communist menace Sotille... Savannah Riverkeeper says their ultimate goal is to have both groups testing work together put... Bluff, the last one working at the Savannah River Site, of! Water and fish should be conducted Savannah served as Georgia 's first two State.... Savannah River is the third-most polluted River in some locations prepare for the American public Yamacraw,! Education Launch Lights, Camera, Budget Education and the 8th highest toxic load in the K was... A real danger no longer function as reactors volume of iron filings with a mid-air refueling tanker concrete monsters reached! As having the 3rd highest toxic load in Georgia a party how his father earned a living nation homeowners. 38,000 pounds of those chemicals are known to cause cancer those parts on Economic Education Lights... Carolina and Georgia the studio and teaching facility they ensured excess iron was distributed where groundwater contaminant levels were highest! Falls just behind the Ohio-Pigeon River on the list savannah river pollution alarms and instruments because of numerous false.... Environmental group says the Savannah Riverkeeper says their ultimate goal is to both!

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