3M is one company that institutionalized experimenting with new ideas in the form of allowing each engineer to spend one day a week working on a personal project. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? A contemporary organizational structure tries to make companies lighter on their feet than the old-school hierarchy. Fast Company, 92, 6873. Specifically, employees reporting to department managers are also pooled together to form project or product teams. Classical or Traditional Theory 2. The idea behind this organizational structure is to reduce bureaucracy and empower employees to make decisions, become creative problem solvers, and take responsibility for their actions. The changing environment of organizations creates the need for newer forms of organizing. Organizational Behaviour (OB) is an interdisciplinary based social science which studies and applies knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations and how human behaviour affects, and is affected by dynamics in the organization [social system]. As a result, each person reports to a department manager as well as a project or product manager. The information provided includes details on each cited group's history, goals, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, weapons, size, and sources of support. They can also be fairly flat, which means that there are very few levels between employees and management. Learning organizations institutionalize experimentation and benchmarking. What can organizations do to institutionalize organizational learning? The existence of a project manager keeps the focus on the product or service provided. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A matrix organization still has departments, but it also has project teams that recruit members from across departments. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. #MeToo. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of being employed by a boundaryless organization? Moving into the 21st century, the Church made a strategic decision in selecting Pope Francis. If you exist in a dynamic changing market, a contemporary organizational structure has more flexibility and responds to challenges faster. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In a matrix structure, product managers have control and say over product-related matters, while department managers have authority over matters related to company policy. Organisational theory means the study of the structure, functioning and performance of organisation and the behaviour of individual and groups within it. Yet commercializing these ideas has been a problem in the past because of an emphasis on short-term results. You can now find QR codes and NFC chips embedded into many business cards. The matrix organizational structure is a good example. ADVERTISEMENTS: List of organizational theories are:-. The difference between traditional and contemporary organization is that contemporary structures reduce management layers and share information, personnel and skills across departments. Define boundaryless organizations. For one, it improves communication among a companys stakeholders. The necessity to work with a team consisting of employees with different functional backgrounds increases the potential for task conflict at work. The presence of multiple leaders may create role ambiguity or, worse, role conflictbeing given instructions or objectives that cannot all be met because they are mutually exclusive. Activism Ascribed Status Civil Society Cooperation Democratic Society Economic Opportunity Exceptionalism Expert Culture Family Government Government Spending Happiness History Human Behavior Human Rights Traditional v. Contemporary Design. This successful startup is regularly voted as one of the best places to work in New York City. Corporations as Social Movements Traditionally, we've thought of corporations as organizations that had clear boundaries, formal procedures, and well-defined authority structures. Learning organizations are also good at studying customer habits to generate ideas. This leads to a hierarchy where each department has its manager, all of whom report to someone over them; if the company keeps growing, more branches and more layers of management result. Matrix organizations have a design that combines a traditional functional structure with a product structure. A divisional organization structures its activities around a market, product, or specific group of consumers. Its company culture is one that is "flat, open and creative." A flat organization is . An example of a company that does this is Toyota. Beginning in the 1970s, management experts began to propose organizational designs that they believed were better adapted to the needs of the emerging business environment. . As an example, Starbucks formed a highly successful partnership with PepsiCo to market its Frappuccino cold drinks. In the process, the traditional boundaries between two competitors may be broken. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? The five contemporary organization theory models are population ecology, resource dependence, contingency, transaction cost and the institutional model. A free, comprehensive best practices guide to advance your financial modeling skills, Get Certified for Commercial Banking (CBCA). Finally, boundaryless organizations may involve eliminating the barriers separating employees; these may be intangible barriers, such as traditional management layers, or actual physical barriers, such as walls between different departments. The Digital Age: QR Codes and NFC Chips. The presence of multiple leaders may create role ambiguity or, worse, role conflictbeing given instructions or objectives that cannot all be met because they are mutually exclusive. The diagram below will give you an idea of what a divisional organization looks like. Organizations face more strength and weakness in these structures. The heads of departments can then determine how to allocate different resources and the specific tasks to designate first. It works specifically to eradicate infectious diseases and . Garvin, D. A. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". However the main ideas of this Theory have . During these early days of advancement, communication would often go hand in hand with transportation. Keeping open channels of communication is crucial to the success of every organization. Trait Approaches to Leadership, 10.4 What Do Leaders Do? Alearning organizationis one whose design actively seeks to acquire knowledge and change behavior as a result of the newly acquired knowledge. Reasons to implement change include: Adapting to market changes Digital transformation and technology upgrades Such firms employ more staff and, therefore, require more managers. One form is the modular organization, in which all nonessential functions are outsourced. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. If they can work on their own, they may thrive in a contemporary organizational structure such as a flat or flatter company. A firms life cycle is another essential factor to consider when setting up a companys organization. In a hierarchical organizational structure, employees are grouped and assigned a supervisor. An example of a matrix structure at a software development company. Since there are minimal or no levels of middle management, a company that adopts this structure can end up being more productive by speeding up the decision-making processes. By using these techniques, learning organizations facilitate innovation and make it easier to achieve organizational change. Some companies choose to conduct formal retrospective meetings to analyze the challenges encountered and areas for improvement. Journal of Management, 18, 267294. Boundaryless organizations blur the boundaries between departments or the boundaries between the focal organization and others in the environment. Considering how vital an organizational structure is to the different facets of the business, managers should take their time determining the type of structure to take on. By partnering with PepsiCo, Starbucks gained an important head start in the marketing and distribution of this product. Each structure has unique qualities to help businesses handle their particular environment. Finally, boundaryless organizations may involve eliminating the barriers separating employees; these may be intangible barriers, such as traditional management layers, or actual physical barriers, such as walls between different departments. No matter where one places its primary significance, it's had a major role in world affairs throughout modern history. For one, theres a total specialization of work. By benchmarking against industry best practices, they constantly look for ways of improving their own operations. Contemporary Forms of Organizational Structures Learning Objectives Explain what a matrix structure is and the challenges of working in a structure such as this. Multi-channel marketing and the retail value chain. Also non-profits because of the structure of the company and not adapting to traditional methods of company structure. He's also run a couple of small businesses of his own. American activist Tarana Burke sparked the Me Too movement in 2006. Flat Organization A flat organization is exactly as its name suggests. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Flatter organizations reduce the amount of management and increase employee flexibility without becoming completely flat. In a matrix structure, product managers have control and say over product-related matters, while department managers have authority over matters related to company policy. They facilitate information flow and reduce response time to customers but have challenges because each employee reports to multiple managers. What are the contemporary issues of organizations? Each structure has unique qualities to help businesses handle their particular environment. Although each one operates as a separate entity that caters to different consumer segments, they are all under the company Gap Inc. brand. Although GE is the umbrella corporation, each division works as an individual firm. Beginning in the 1900s, the tides of change began to rise much more quickly. Organizational change happens when a company decides to change its structure, strategies, culture, policies, technology, or even its core values in order to improve performance and business growth. On the other hand, larger companies require more intense frameworks to ensure that operations run smoothly. Society This is the complete list of articles we have written about society. Instead of completely switching from a product-based structure, a company may use a matrix structure to balance the benefits of product-based and traditional functional structures. 4 What is contemporary organizational behavior? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Ideally, theres an individual in charge of a particular function. Within maintaining an advantage, a manager must have specific competencies such as communication, teamwork, self-management, leadership, critical thinking, and professionalism. In contrast, social movements are seen as more spontaneous and fluid. They facilitate information flow and reduce response time to customers but have challenges because each employee reports to multiple managers. 20 As a result, contemporary managers must be sensitive to political processes . Some companies choose to conduct formal retrospective meetings to analyze the challenges encountered and areas for improvement. Telecommuting blurs organizational boundaries as well. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. IBM is a company that has no difficulty coming up with new ideas, as evidenced by the number of patents it holds. https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/management-principles-v1.1/s11-03-contemporary-forms-of-organiza.html, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. During these early days of advancement, communication would often go hand in hand with transportation. These organizations may take the form of a modular organization, strategic alliance, or self-managing teams. To change this situation, the company began experimenting with the idea of EBOs. In this lesson, you will learn to identify types of. 1 What is the meaning of contemporary organizations? Define learning organizations, and list the steps organizations can take to become learning organizations. They include the size of the company, the business environment, and the life cycle that the company or its products are in. For centuries, technological advancements that affected business came in slow waves. Although it sounds like a daunting task, establishing an organizational structure is worthwhile and brings many benefits. Pope Francis. Forbes ranks America's largest charity and non profit organizations. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 3M is one company that institutionalized experimenting with new ideas in the form of allowing each engineer to spend one day a week working on a personal project. New product introduction is a task shared by regional managers and product managers. For example, Xerox uses anthropologists to understand and gain insights to how customers are actually using their office products. Let's look at each of these functions in detail. Employees may be grouped by their role or function, geography or . Structures such as self-managing teams create an environment where employees coordinate their efforts and change their own roles to suit the demands of the situation, as opposed to insisting that something is not my job.. New product introduction is a task shared by regional managers and product managers. In such a way, every employee knows what he or she needs to do. If you recall, the six most common approaches to organizational design include simple, functional, divisional, matrix, team and network designs. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 7891. Academy of Management Executive, 9(3), 718. He lives in Durham NC with his awesome wife and two wonderful dogs. This listing includes the 65-plus terrorist groups designated by the US State Department as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs), as well as an additional 10 non-designated, self-proclaimed branches and affiliates of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) FTO. This can work with experienced employees, but the larger the company gets, the more it's likely to need some sort of hierarchy. For centuries, technological advancements that affected business came in slow waves. 1.1 Introduction to Principles of Management, 1.2 Case in Point: Doing Good as a Core Business Strategy, 1.4 Leadership, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy, 1.5 Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling, 1.6 Economic, Social, and Environmental Performance, 1.7 Performance of Individuals and Groups, 1.8 Your Principles of Management Survivors Guide, 2.2 Case in Point: SAS Institute Invests in Employees, 2.6 The Interactionist Perspective: The Role of Fit, 2.8 Developing Your Positive Attitude Skills, 3.1 History, Globalization, and Values-Based Leadership, 3.2 Case in Point: Hanna Andersson Corporation Changes for Good, 3.3 Ancient History: Management Through the 1990s, 3.4 Contemporary Principles of Management, 3.6 Globalization and Principles of Management, 3.7 Developing Your Values-Based Leadership Skills, 4.1 Developing Mission, Vision, and Values, 4.2 Case in Point: Xerox Motivates Employees for Success, 4.3 The Roles of Mission, Vision, and Values, 4.4 Mission and Vision in the P-O-L-C Framework, 4.7 Crafting Mission and Vision Statements, 4.8 Developing Your Personal Mission and Vision, 5.2 Case in Point: Unnamed Publisher Transforms Textbook Industry, 5.3 Strategic Management in the P-O-L-C Framework, 5.5 Strategy as Trade-Offs, Discipline, and Focus, 5.6 Developing Strategy Through Internal Analysis, 5.7 Developing Strategy Through External Analysis, 5.8 Formulating Organizational and Personal Strategy With the Strategy Diamond, 6.2 Case in Point: Nucor Aligns Company Goals With Employee Goals, 6.4 From Management by Objectives to the Balanced Scorecard, 6.5 Characteristics of Effective Goals and Objectives, 6.6 Using Goals and Objectives in Employee Performance Evaluation, 6.7 Integrating Goals and Objectives with Corporate Social Responsibility, 7.2 Case in Point: Toyota Struggles With Organizational Structure, 7.4 Contemporary Forms of Organizational Structures, 7.6 Planning and Executing Change Effectively, 7.7 Building Your Change Management Skills, 8.2 Case in Point: Google Creates Unique Culture, 8.5 Creating and Maintaining Organizational Culture, 8.7 Developing Your Personal Skills: Learning to Fit In, 9.2 Case in Point: Networking Powers Relationships, 9.3 An Introduction to the Lexicon of Social Networks, 9.4 How Managers Can Use Social Networks to Create Value, 9.5 Ethical Considerations With Social Network Analysis, 9.6 Personal, Operational, and Strategic Networks, 10.2 Case in Point: Indra Nooyi Draws on Vision and Values to Lead, 10.3 Who Is a Leader? Instead of delivering mail hundreds of miles by horse, messages could be transported more quickly by train and then later by plane. This is true not only in response to environmental threats but also as a way of identifying future opportunities. How dynamic is your industry? Chapter 1: Introduction to Principles of Management, Chapter 2: Personality, Attitudes, and Work Behaviors, Chapter 3: History, Globalization, and Values-Based Leadership, Chapter 4: Developing Mission, Vision, and Values, Chapter 7: Organizational Structure and Change, Chapter 10: Leading People and Organizations, Chapter 12: Communication in Organizations, Chapter 16: Strategic Human Resource Management, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Building a learning organization. Organizational designs fall into two categories, traditional and contemporary. By setting up a structure where failure is tolerated and risk taking is encouraged, the company took a big step toward becoming a learning organization. To learn from others, these companies vigorously study competitors, market leaders in different industries, clients, and customers. Instead of completely switching from a product-based structure, a company may use a matrix structure to balance the benefits of product-based and traditional functional structures. In 2017 the 'Me Too' hashtag went viral in connection to Harvey Weinstein. The classical theory has its origin in the writings of Taylor. Gap Inc. is the perfect case in point. Learning organizations are also good at studying customer habits to generate ideas. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Decision-Making Theory 4. Boundaryless organizationis a term coined by Jack Welch during his tenure as CEO of GE; it refers to an organization that eliminates traditional barriers between departments as well as barriers between the organization and the external environment. Traditional organizations tend to be formal hierarchies; contemporary organizational structure is more flexible. Business analysts, developers, and testers each report to a functional department manager and to a project manager simultaneously. 1. The necessity to work with a team consisting of employees with different functional backgrounds increases the potential for task conflict at work (Ford, R. C. and Randolph, W. A., 1992). What is contemporary Organisational design? For example, Xerox uses anthropologists to understand and gain insights to how customers are actually using their office products (Garvin, D. A., 1993). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By setting up a structure where failure is tolerated and risk taking is encouraged, the company took a big step toward becoming a learning organization (Deutschman, A., 2005). Different organizational structures adopted by companies. At the same time, there are many procedures and systems in place that facilitate learning at all organization levels. Matrix structures are created in response to uncertainty and dynamism of the environment and the need to give particular attention to specific products or projects. Modern Organisation Theory. The new corporate architecture. Its therefore crucial that business owners pick the right organizational type to help operations run more smoothly. In this form, similar to a joint venture, two or more companies find an area of collaboration and combine their efforts to create a partnership that is beneficial for both parties. She wanted to break the silence surrounding sexual assault, rape and harassment, and empower women through empathy and strength in numbers. As managers are more interdependent compared to a traditional or product-based structure, they will need to spend more effort coordinating their work. A traditional structure makes it easier to centralize power and keep control as your organization grows. Defining the organizational structure makes the company objectives clear to every stakeholder. Contemporary designs would include team structure, matrix structure, project structure, boundaryless organization, and the learning organization. As an example, Starbucks formed a highly successful partnership with PepsiCo to market its Frappuccino cold drinks. Principles of Management by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Structured Query Language (known as SQL) is a programming language used to interact with a database. Excel Fundamentals - Formulas for Finance, Certified Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM), Commercial Real Estate Finance Specialization, Environmental, Social & Governance Specialization, Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM). From the telegraph to the telephone to the computer to the Internet, each advancement brought about a need for an organizations structure to adapt and change. Osama MEHMOOD); has a shura council, which, like other AQ affiliates, probably includes subordinates and branches/wings for military/security, intelligence, religious, propaganda, political matters, and recruitment; reportedly has regional branches for Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan; Ansar al-Islam in Bangladesh has claimed to be the official wing of AQIS in Bangladesh, areas of operation Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and possibly Burma, targets, tactics, and weapons military and security personnel, political parties, foreigners, foreign aid workers, university professors, students, and secular bloggers; has used small arms and improvised explosive devices, as well as crude weapons such as machetes; claimed responsibility for the 2016 machete murders of two editors of a human rights magazine in Dhaka, Bangladesh, membership estimated in 2022 to have up to 400 fighters, financial and other support likely receives financial and material support from AQ senior leadership; also engages in kidnapping-for-ransom, extortion, and general criminal activity to raise funds, designation placed on the US Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations on 1 July 2016, aka GSPC; Le Groupe Salafiste Pour la Predication et le Combat; Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat; Salafist Group for Call and Combat; Tanzim al-Qaida fi Bilad alMaghrib al-Islamiya, history formed in 1998 in Algeria under Hassan HATTAB, when he split from the Armed Islamic Group; was known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) until rebranding itself as AQIM in September 2006; has since undergone various schisms and rapprochements; in 2011, a Mauritanian-led group broke away, calling itself the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA); in 2012, the Veiled Men Battalion split off and rebranded itself the al-Mulathamun Battalion; al-Mulathamun and MUJWA merged to form al-Mourabitoun in 2013; in late 2015, AQIM reincorporated al-Murabitoun and in 2017, the Mali Branch of AQIM and al-Murabitoun joined the Mali-based al-Qaida coalition Jamaat Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM); continued to be active in 2022 despite heavy pressure from regional and international counterterrorism operations, particularly in using North Africa as a support zone for assisting JNIM operations in Mali and the Sahel, including operating transnational financial networks to move and share funds, goals overthrow apostate African regimes and establish a regional Islamic state across all of North and West Africa; support the broader goals of al-Qaidas central leadership, leadership and organization Abu Obaida al-ANNABI (aka Abu Ubaydah Yusuf al-Anabi, Yazid Mubarak); has a 14-member shura council comprised of regional commanders and the heads of the political, military, judicial, and media committees; locally organized into "battalions" and "brigades," which range in size from a few dozen to several hundred fighters at any given time, areas of operation based in northeastern Algeria, but reportedly shifting more towards the Sahel because of Algerian counterterrorism pressure; operates in northern Mali, southwest Libya, Niger, Burkina Faso, and Cote dIvoire, targets, tactics, and weapons local and international military and security forces using both terrorist and guerrilla warfare tactics; employs improvised explosive devices, suicide bombers, as well as light weapons, machine guns, mortars, rockets, and landmines; also attacks soft civilian targets such as hotels, resorts, and restaurants that cater to Westerners and tourists with small arms, explosives, and suicide bombers; known for assassinations and kidnappings, strength estimated in 2020 to have 500-1,000 fighters, financial and other support engages in kidnappings-for-ransom and other criminal activities, particularly extorting drug trafficking groups and others; arms largely acquired from Libyan stockpiles, battlefield captures, or via illicit regional arms markets, designation GSPC was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on 27 March 2002; the Department of State amended the GSPC designation on 20 February 2008, after the GSPC officially joined with al-Qaida in September 2006 and became AQIM, aka the Harakat Shabaab al-Mujahidin (HSM); al-Shabab; Shabaab; the Youth; Mujahidin al-Shabaab Movement; Mujahideen Youth Movement; Mujahidin Youth Movement; al-Hijra, Al Hijra, Muslim Youth Center, MYC, Pumwani Muslim Youth, Pumwani Islamist Muslim Youth Center, history descended from Al-Ittihad Al-Islami, a Somali terrorist group whose leaders fought in Afghanistan in the 1990s and formed circa 2003; has operated as a core al-Qa'ida affiliate since 2012; was the militant wing of the former Somali Islamic Courts Council that took over parts of Somalia in 2006; since the end of 2006, has engaged in an insurgency against the transitional governments of Somalia and supporting foreign military forces and a campaign of violence against Somali civilians; responsible for numerous high-profile bombings and shootings throughout Somalia, and more than 3,000 civilian deaths since 2015; has influence in large areas of rural Somalia through coercion, control over local economies and commercial transit points; provides rudimentary government services in areas under its control, including rule of law through sharia courts, sharia-based institutions and schools, funding, services, security, and food; in 2019, was involved in more than 1,000 violent incidents in Somalia and eastern Kenya; continued to conduct widespread attacks through 2021 and 2022, particularly in central and southern Somalia and the capital Mogadishu, and was engaged in fighting with the Somali military; in July 2022, it launched an incursion into Ethiopia with several hundred fighters, goals discredit, destabilize, and overthrow the Federal Government of Somalia; establish Islamic rule in Somalia and the border regions of Somalia-Kenya and southern Ethiopia; drive out Western influence, leadership and organization led by Ahmad DIRIYE (aka Abu UBEYDAH/UBAIDAH, Abu Ubaidah DIREYE, Ahmad UMAR) since September 2014; structure is both hierarchical and decentralized and influenced by Somalias many clans; DIRIYE directs a shura council made up of multiple committees and ministries, including for finance, media, and military/security operations, as well as regional commanders; military operations reportedly includes 2 sub-branches, one for external operations, and one that enforces sharia in areas under the group's control; the shura council oversees regional commanders, although regional commanders can make decisions and take actions without the approval of the emir or the council; each regional division has military and administrative wings; the group has an intelligence/security wing known as Amniyat, areas of operation controls a large swathe of the Lower and Middle Juba regions, as well as the Bakol, Bay, Benaadir, Gedo, and Shabelle regions; also maintains a presence in northern Somalia along the Golis Mountains and within Puntlands urban areas; has conducted attacks in Djibouti, Kenya, and Uganda; especially active in the region of Kenya adjacent to Somalia; has also mounted armed incursions into Ethiopia in 2022 and 2007 (planned attacks inside Ethiopia were reportedly disrupted in 2013 and 2014), targets, tactics, and weapons Somali Government officials, military units, police, and civilians, international aid workers, journalists, foreign troops (including US), and neighboring countries contributing to military stabilization operations in Somalia, particularly Kenya and Uganda; has attacked hotels, schools, military bases, police stations, shopping areas, and telecommunications towers in Kenya; has clashed with an Islamic State faction operating in northern Somalia; methods include assassinations, drive-by shootings, guerrilla style ambushes, suicide bombings, hostage taking, indiscriminate attacks on civilians, and roadside IEDs; typical attacks consist of a single or multiple suicide bombers, followed by an assault by members carrying small arms and explosives; in March 2022, for example, it conducted a complex ground assault involving multiple vehicle-mounted bombs and hundreds of militants on an international military peacekeeper base that killed more than 50 troops; in March 2019, operatives attacked a hotel in Mogadishu using a suicide bomber and small arms, killing at least 20; has placed vehicle-mounted bombs in high-density urban areas, including attacks in Mogadishu in October 2022, December 2019, and October 2017 that together killed over 700 civilians; employs insurgent-type tactics against Somali and international military forces, including ambushes, hit-and-run attacks, improvised explosive device operations, land mines, mortar attacks, and targeted killings; typically armed with small arms, light and heavy machine guns (including truck-mounted machine guns), mortars, rocket-propelled grenades, improvised explosive devices, and man-portable air defense systems, strength estimated in 2022 to have 7,000 to 12,000 fighters, financial and other support obtains funds primarily through extortion of businesses, taxation, and zakat (religious donations) collections from the local populations, robbery, and remittances and other money transfers from the Somali diaspora (although these funds are not always intended to support al-Shabaab members); probably receives training, arms, and bomb-making materials from other al-Qaida branches; operates military training camps in areas it occupies; has captured arms, ammunition, and other materiel from regional and Somali military forces; also purchases arms and ammunition through black markets, designation placed on the US Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations on 18 March 2008, aka Ansar Dine; Ansar al-Din; Ancar Dine; Ansar ul-Din; Ansar Eddine; Defenders of the Faith, history created in late 2011; was among the terrorist groups (including al-Qaida) to take over northern Mali following the March 2012 coup that toppled the Malian government; proceeded to destroy UNESCO World Heritage sites and enforce a severe interpretation of Islam upon the civilian population living in the areas under their control; beginning in 2013, French and African military forces forced AAD and its allies out of the population centers they had seized, severely weakening AAD, although the group made a comeback in 2015 and 2016; in 2017, joined Jama'ah Nusrah al-Islam wal-Muslimin (Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims, JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida-linked groups in Mali that formed the same year; continued to conduct attacks under the JNIM banner into 2022, goals replace the Malian government with an Islamic state, leadership and organization led by its founder Iyad Ag GHALI (aka Abu al-FADEL), who also leads JNIM; reportedly has regionally based branches, areas of operation operates mostly in central and northern Mali, targets, tactics, and weapons targets Malian military and security forces, French and French coalition troops, and UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) personnel; uses a mix of guerrilla warfare hit-and-run and terrorist tactics, including ambushes, complex ground assaults involving dozens of fighters, road side bombs, rocket attacks, assassinations, kidnappings, and car and suicide bombings; fighters are armed with small arms, light and heavy machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, landmines, mortars, rockets, trucks mounting machine guns (aka technicals), and explosives, including improvised explosive devices, financial and other support cooperates with and has received support from al-Qaida since its inception; also reportedly receives funds from foreign donors and through smuggling; many of its arms were captured from the Malian Army or taken from Libyan military stockpiles; takes advantage of trans-Saharan smuggling routes to resupply from illicit markets in Libya and elsewhere in the region, designation - placed on the US Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations on 22 March 2013.