First, her leadership experience running an important province (Fujian) and two major cities (Tianjin and Dalian), as well as her tenure as first secretary of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and director of the Central United Front Work Department of the CCP Central Committee, have prepared her for even more important posts in the national leadership. Liu joined the CCP in December 1976. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Deep-ocean currents transport a volume of water equal to that of 100 Amazon-size rivers. Liu Zhiyans second marriage resulted in one son and one daughter. She then served as party secretary of Fujian (200912) and party secretary of Tianjin (201214). Others may see Xis reversal of constitutional constraints on term limits as heralding a return to an era of vicious power strugglesa zero-sum game in which they will also ruthlessly engage in the years to come. Liberal intellectuals will be among the first to push back and shape the public discourse. 9, issued in 2013 soon after Xi Jinping became party chief, warned that unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents such as support for Western . Two prominent rights advocates have been detained in the past few weeks, in what their supporters have called a blow to the rights defense movement, which was already beleaguered under Mr. Xis predecessor, Hu Jintao. Han worked in the warehouse of a lifting installation company in Shanghai, and as a clerk in the supply and marketing division of the same company. Second, her low-profile personality and her demonstrated tenacity and political acumen, most notable in removing Bo Xilais protgs in Dalian even before Bos downfall, are indicative of her potential for leadership and political nerve. Their friendship stems from their childhoods in Beijing. Li advanced his early career primarily through the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL), serving as secretary of the CCYL Committee at Peking University (198283). This includes four military alternate members of the 18th Central Committee who were promoted to be full members of the 19th Central Committee. Over the course of his first term, Xi has proven himself to be Chinas strongest leader since Deng Xiaoping. Otherwise, based on his continued consolidation of power and ambitions for the countryand, indeed, himselfXis new era may resurrect an old problem. Zhang Lei, Nongchaoer [The man who paddles against the incoming tide], Nanfang Renwu Zhoukan [Southern People Weekly], August 26, 2013; and Wu Rujia and Lin Zijing, Wang Qishan lianpu [Changing roles of Wang Qishan], Fenghuang Zhoukan [Phoenix Weekly], December 5, 2013. Xis first marriage produced no children. Even these relatively measured campaigns proved too much for party leaders, who are wary of any challenges that could swell into outright opposition. The two met in 1969 in Yanan, where both were sent-down youths. A party paper, known as Document No. In 2009, he was transferred to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, where he served as party secretary (200912) and chairman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Peoples Congress (201012). He is very important to me. Quoted from Bob Davis, Meeting Liu He, Xi Jinpings Choice to Fix a Faltering Chinese Economy, Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2013. Xi was reelected as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC at the 19th Party Congress in October 2017, and then as president of the PRC at the 13th National Peoples Congress in March 2018. Current news at the front? 9, that bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping, China's new top leader. But when the proposed constitutional changes are unsurprisingly approved by the National Party Congress next week, it will be left to Chinese society to determine whether to accept the risks of returning to winner-takes-all, strongman politics or instead continue down the path of Dengs reforms, with a government that incorporates Chinese-style checks and balances and honors the peaceful transition of power. The scale of those celebrations has not been announced. Sooner or later, some political elites may stand up for their belief in the institutionalized norms of the Deng era. Liu served as a chief drafter of the communiqu at the Third Plenum of the 18th National Party Congress, which claimed to be version 2.0 of Chinas market development.5. Such an atmosphere of distrust can only catalyze further administration aggressions toward China. Vice president of the Peoples Republic of China (2018present). Attempting to negate current leadership and deny the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics. Deep-ocean currents are important regulators of global climate. Executive Vice Premier of the State Council (2018present), Member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) (2017present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (2018present), Head of the Three Gorges Project Construction Committee (2018present), Head of the South-North Water Diversion Construction Project Committee (2018present), Head of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Joint Development Leading Group (2018present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Belt and Road Initiative Construction (2018present). Current below the surface. But they have been disappointed. Some analystsincluding usnaively hoped that Xi wanted more time to train, groom, and test a potential successor before identifying the candidate. Some of this cognitive dissonance may be temporary compromises as Xi positions himself to gain broad support from various forces in the country. Their political connection likely began or was consolidated during her studies at the Central Party School in the early 1990s, when Hu served as president of the school2. The mission of the Forum is to provide policy recommendations to the government on major economic issues. Even as Mr. Xi has sought to prepare some reforms to expose Chinas economy to stronger market forces, he has undertaken a mass line campaign to enforce party authority that goes beyond the partys periodic calls for discipline. Opponents of one-party rule, it says, have stirred up trouble about disclosing officials assets, using the Internet to fight corruption, media controls and other sensitive topics, to provoke discontent with the party and government.. HONG KONG Communist Party cadres have filled meeting halls around China to hear a somber, secretive warning issued by senior leaders. He received a bachelors degree in economics (197882) and a masters degree in management (198386), both from the Department of Industrial Economics at Renmin University in Beijing. As a result, he squanders a precious opportunity to institutionalize the peaceful transfer of power in the PRC, undermining the example set by Jiang in 2002 and by Hu in 2012. Xi was in charge of preparations for both the2008 Summer Olympicsin Beijing and the 2009celebrations commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the PRC. The confrontation at the newspaper and campaign demanding that officials disclose their wealth alarmed leaders and helped galvanize them into issuing Document No. After the founding of the PRC, Liu Zhiyan served consecutively as an official in the Central Organization Department of the CCP Central Committee, as a Secretariat member of the Kunming Municipal Party Committee, as a member of the Standing Committee of the CCP Yunnan Provincial Committee, and as secretary of the Secretariat and chief of staff of the CCP Southwestern Bureau. Liu then served as party secretary and deputy director of the Development Research Center of the State Council (201113). Yet, as the youngest vice premier of the State Council and a two-time Politburo member, Hu is still the highest-ranking leader of the sixth generation. Some analysts have viewed Hus Politburo membership as a reflection of Deng Xiaopings political design for a grandpa-designated successor (). 6 Rubber Shoes Factory (198788), and party secretary and deputy director of the Dazhonghua Rubber Plant in Shanghai (198890). After his time in Fujian, Xi served as governor of Zhejiang Province (2002) and party secretary of Zhejiang Province (200207). Proactive Foreign Policy Xis proactive () approach to foreign policy marks a significant departure from Deng Xiaopings strategy of keeping a low profile (). You have to commemorate him, and because hes already passed away, you can only speak well of him, not ill, Professor Xiao, the historian, said of Maos anniversary. As a Ph.D. student in economics, Li studied under Li Yining, a well-known economist whose theories have been instrumental in guiding Chinas state-owned enterprise reform. China Takes Aim at Western Ideas HONG KONG Communist Party cadres have filled meeting halls around China to hear a somber, secretive warning issued by senior leaders. Given his age, Liu will most likely serve only a single term in the Politburo. She was head of the Womens Association of Anshan City (198891), deputy head of the Workers Union of Liaoning Province (199193), head of the Womens Association of Liaoning (199394), head of the Workers Union of Liaoning (199497), and deputy party secretary of Liaoning (19972005). He was first elected to the Central Committee as an alternate member at the 15th Party Congress in 1997. Western anti-China forces led by the United States have joined in one after the other, and colluded with dissidents within the country to make slanderous attacks on us in the name of so-called press freedom and constitutional democracy, said Zhang Guangdong, a propaganda official in Lianyungang, citing the conclusions from the meeting of central propaganda officials. He also served as a soldier in the 38th Group Army of the PLA (197073). No further information is available on Suns family. By Herb Kirchhoff. She joined the CCP in 1973. Three years later, in 2000, he was appointed director of the State Council General Office of Economic Reform. Below are background profiles for the seven top government leaders. If Xi aspires to be a truly great and transformative Chinese leader, he must eventually present a clear and coherent vision for the country while also respecting the political rules and norms that have laid the groundwork for Chinas economic and political rise. Lis wife, Cheng Hong, is currently a professor of English language and literature at Capital University of Economics and Business in Beijing. At the same time, China is increasingly using these freedoms in Europe to shape its agenda. In 1998, Li was transferred to Henan Province, where he served as governor (19982003) and, concurrently, deputy party secretary (19982002) and then party secretary (200204). Subversive definition, tending or intending to subvert or overthrow, destroy, or undermine an established or existing system, especially a legally constituted government or a set of beliefs. Thats like pouring petrol on the leftists fire., https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html. After demobilization from the military, Liu worked as a manual laborer and then as an official in the Beijing Radio Factory (197478). The campaign carries some risks for Mr. Xi, who has indicated that the slowing economy needs new, more market-driven momentum that can come only from a relaxation of state influence. Mr. Xi will face another ideological test later in the year when the Communist Party celebrates the 120th anniversary of Maos birth. Li Keqiang was born on July 1, 1955, in Dingyuan County, Anhui Province. Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society. Li joined the CCP in 1976. subversive meaning: 1. trying to destroy or damage something, especially an established political system: 2. trying to. She also served as party secretary of Dalian, Liaoning (200105), and as first secretary of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) (200509). Xi Jinpings close relationship with Wang Qishan has arguably been the most important factor facilitating the consolidation of Xis power and the implementation of his new policy initiatives since Xi took the top leadership post in 2012. Psychodynamic Perspective. The political establishment, while certainly composed of some yes-men willing to do the presidents bidding, is by no means monolithic. The political establishment, while certainly composed of some yes-men willing to do the presidents bidding, is by no means monolithic. Chinese society has changed profoundly since the Mao era. Mr. Xis hard line has disappointed Chinese liberals, some of whom once hailed his rise to power as an opportunity to push for political change after a long period of stagnation. Early in his career, Wang worked as a researcher and director at the Institute of Contemporary History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (197982) and then moved to the Rural Policy Research Office of the CCP Central Committee (198288). Chinas state leaders were revealed on March 18, 2018 at the conclusion of the 13th National Peoples Congress (NPC). (, Premier of the State Council (2013present), Member of the Politburo Standing Committee (2007present), Vice-Chairman of the National Security Committee (2013present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (2013present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work (2013present), Vice-Chairman of the Central Military and Civilian Integration Development Committee (2017present), Chairman of the Committee on Organizational Structure of the Central Committee of the CCP (2012present), Chairman of the National Defense Mobilization Committee (2013present), Director of the State Energy Commission (2013present), Head of the National Leading Group for Climate Change and for Energy Conservation and Reduction of Pollution Discharge (2013present), Head of the State Council Leading Group for Rejuvenating the Northeast Region and Other Old Industrial Bases (2013present), Head of the State Council Leading Group for Western Regional Development (2013present), Head of the State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee (2008present), Head of the State Council South-to-North Water Diversion Project Construction Committee (2008present), Head of the State Council Leading Group for Deepening Medical and Health System Reform (2008present), Full member of the Central Committee of the CCP (1997present). But leftists, feeling emboldened, could create trouble for Mr. Xis government, some analysts said. Sun is the only woman leader whose age allowed her to stay on the Politburo for another term, through the 19th Party Congress. For most of the Hu era, Li was seen as a possible successor to his mentor. Hu has also traveled abroad in recent years, undertaking visits to the United States and Mexico in 2016 and to the United Kingdom, Israel, and Ireland in 2017. The campaign has resulted in the purges of not only retired heavyweight leaders such as former PSC member Zhou Yongkang, but also about 11 percent of the members of the 18th Central Committee, including Politburo member Sun Zhengcai. 9, that bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping, China's new top leader. On other policy issues, however, Xi has exhibited paradoxical preferences and tendencies. His ancestral home is Changli County, Hebei Province. That has included a visit to a historic site where Mao undertook one of his own attempts to remake the ruling party in the 1950s. When Hu was made first secretary of the CCYL in 1985, Li became a full member of the Secretariat. These seven perils were enumerated in a memo, referred to as Document No. It has become so pluralistic that any comparisons to that time are anachronistic. As Liu He articulated at the Davos World Economic Forum in 2018, active participation in economic globalization and the deepening of Chinas economic reform and openness have remained central to the countrys long-standing economic outlook. I dont believe we have a clear consensus on the precise mix of policies that are necessary to address this challenge. He served as party secretary of Guangdong (201217). Western forces hostile to China and dissidents within the country are still constantly infiltrating the ideological sphere, says Document No. The loyalty oath was intended to protect students from so-called subversive teachers. History. In his most recent State of the Union Address, President Donald Trump asserted that rivals like Chinachallenge our interests, our economy, and our values. Xis actions will only play into rising fears about China among Americans, who will further conflate Chinas leadership with that of other authoritarian regimes like Russia and Turkey. Behavioral Perspective. Reform efforts have centered on marginalizing the four PLA general departments that had undermined the authority of the civilian-led CMC; transforming Chinas military operations from a Russian-style, army-centric system toward what analysts call a Western-style joint command system; and swiftly promoting young guards to top positions in the officer corps. Convection currents transfer heat from one place to another by mass motion of a fluid such as water, air or molten rock. If the international community views China through an increasingly negative lens, and if criticism from Chinese liberal intellectuals, rival political elites, and the Chinese citizenry gains steam, the result may be a leadership split and political instability in China. An internal notice published in 2013 by the party's central committee- the famous "Document 9" included "the Western idea of journalism" among the "seven subversive currents" along with the promotion of constitutional democracy, the universal value of human rights, participation in social life, neo-liberalism, historical nihilism, and the . Liu He is widely considered to be an adviser rather than a policymaker. Attempting to shake the party's ideological and theoretical foundation. As an undergraduate majoring in law, Li studied under Professor Gong Xiangrui, a well-known, British-educated expert on Western political and administrative systems. Li is widely considered to be a protg of Hu Jintao. She was a visiting scholar at Brown University in the mid-1990s. Subsequently, Xi served as deputy secretary and then secretary of Zhengding County, Hebei Province (198285), and thereafter in Fujian Province as executive vice-mayor of Xiamen City (198588), party secretary of Ningde County (198890), party secretary of Fuzhou City (199096), deputy party secretary of Fujian Province (199699), governor of Fujian Province (19992002). Rip currents are dangerous, offshore flows of water found at beaches where waves break across a surfzone and these currents responsible for many people getting into trouble while swimming. To some extent, the overriding objective of his anti-corruption campaign has been to restore the Chinese publics faith in its ruling party, which lost public trust in the wake of the Bo Xilai scandal and the Ling Jihua incident.3, Military Reform Xi achieved a milestone victory in restructuring the PLA, through efforts which have been officially referred to as military reform (). According to the current CCP regulations and norms, Han will most likely serve only a single term in the Politburo Standing Committee and then retire in 202223. Another proposed change would enshrine Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the constitutions preamble, following Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory. For a detailed discussion of these cases, see Cheng Li, Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2016), pp. He became a member of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee while continuing to work as deputy secretary-general (199798). Subversive Currents ~ China Fears Seven Perils. (Here are the 19 ships and submarines in U.S. naval fleet . HONG KONG Communist Party cadres have filled meeting halls around China to hear a somber, secretive warning issued by senior leaders. He was a sent-down youth at an agricultural commune in Fengyang County, Anhui (197476)1. Add a comment. View All. Document No. They are trying to break through our political system, and this was a classic example, he said of the newspaper protest. Li received both a bachelors degree in law (1982) and a doctoral degree in economics (via part-time studies, 1994) from Peking University. I enjoy her subversive sense of humor. Learn more. He then served as deputy director of the State Council Information Office, where he was in charge of e-commerce and international cooperation (200103). The pressures that prompted the partys ideological counteroffensive spilled onto the streets of Guangzhou, a city in southern China, early this year. Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao-like figure may now be crystallized. He also served as president of the Central Party School (200712), the most important venue for training officials and ideological/policy research in the CCP. A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. (Of a ship) being moved by a tug. Its possible that this situation will get out of control, and that wont help the political stability that the central leadership stresses.. Since the circular was issued, party-run publications and Web sites have vehemently denounced constitutionalism and civil society, notions that were not considered off limits in recent years. Wang was transferred to Guangdong Province in 1997 to serve as vice governor. He then became vice premier of the State Council (200813), a Politburo member (200717), and a Politburo Standing Committee Member (201217). The internal warnings to cadres show that Mr. Xis confident public face has been accompanied by fears that the party is vulnerable to an economic slowdown, public anger about corruption and challenges from liberals impatient for political change. Given her age, Sun will likely retire in the next leadership transition in 2022-23. However, Wang has ostensibly also made many political enemies. Xis current wife, Peng Liyuan, is from his second marriage. Others may see Xis reversal of constitutional constraints on term limits as heralding a return to an era of vicious power strugglesa zero-sum game in which they will also ruthlessly engage in the years to come. Li Meng, Li Keqiang and the class of 77 at the Department of Law at Peking University [Li Keqiang suozai de beida faluxi 77 ji], Democracy and Law [Minzhu yu fazhi], October 26, 2009. He was Liu Zhiyans only child from his first marriage, which ended in divorce. Prior to the 19th Party Congress in the fall of 2017, Han spent his entire career working in Shanghai. Li remained on the Politburo Standing Committee after the 19th Party Congress and retained his premiership for a second term at the 13th National Peoples Congress in March 2018. Xi is a princeling; he is the son of Xi Zhongxun, a former Politburo member and vice-premier who was one of the architects of Chinas Special Economic Zones in the early 1980s2. Li began working in the CCYL Central Committee at the end of 1982, precisely when Hu Jintao became secretary of the CCYL. Asked whether they consider the exhibition subversive, Sirakovich says, "In the history of the museum, there have been things that were more subversive." And Mendelsohn adds: "I don't understand all the fuss over nudity. Having been nominated by Hu, Li was promoted to alternate member of the CCYL Secretariat three months later. According to some Chinese observers, Sun effectively constrained the power and influence of Bo Xilai in Dalian after she took over as the citys party chief from 2001 to 2005.3. Having served for two decades as a top administrator of Chinas pacesetting city, Shanghai, Han Zheng emerged from the 19th Party Congress as a top economic decision-maker in national leadership. The memo called for the eradication of "seven subversive currents" in Chinese society, including "Western constitutional democracy," "universal values" of human rights, and Western . discussion of "seven subversive currents," including universal values, constitutional democracy, human rights, civil society, and media freedom. She served as secretary of the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL) of the Light Industry Bureau of Anshan City (197477), and served as a manager and party official of the Anshan Textile Factory (197788). One could reasonably make the point that Xi has prevented Hu Chunhua from rising to the pinnacle of power. On the other, his politically conservative approach to governancein particular, his reliance on ideological oversight and media censorshiphas left him at loggerheads with many of the countrys intellectuals. 9 was mentioned; it enumerates the 'Seven Perils'. It has not been openly published, but a version was shown to The New York Times and was verified by four sources close to senior officials, including an editor with a party newspaper. Wang is widely considered to be a protg of both Zhu Rongji and Jiang Zemin. The New York Times . Vice Premier of the State Council (2018present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for United Front Work (2015present), Head of the State Council Leading Group of Deepening Medical and Health System Reform (2018present), Deputy Head of the Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macao Affairs (2016present), Full member of the CCP Central Committee (2007present). In fact, Xi attended the Bayi School and Beijing No. The heat transfer function of convection currents drives the earth's ocean currents, atmospheric weather and geology. 3. Within the Secretariat of the CCYL Central Committee, Li served as alternate member (198385), secretary (198593), and first secretary (199398). 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